# What caused the unimaginably high temperature at the time of the big bang singularity, which was concentrated at the unimaginably small dimensions at that time?
# In a black hole singularity, the event horizon does not let any energy (photons) to get away from it: so how could the big band singularity allow so much of energy and matter to move away from one another? Was there no event horizon? Was the big bang singularity naked?
# What could be the nature of matter within a singularity? Do all the probability waves associated with all the particles compressed into the singularity get joined and acquire relevance and meaning only over a region of space time far smaller than even the dimensions of subatomic particles?
# How far does the nature of matter within a black hole type of singularity differ from the known forms of matter? It is because while the mass of black holes still remain perceptible through its gravitational effects but the wave properties of the black hole mass/energy go outside the possibility of measurement/perception/ detection because of the event horizon-from which no photon can escape.
# How does Hawking radiation affect the event horizon of a black hole? Why does the space time curvature change so very rapidly near the event horizon of a black hole so much so that particle-anti-particle pairs are generated out of the quantum fluctuations of force fields outside the event horizons? Why does/or how can change in the value of space-time curvature (which is caused by gravity) cause quantum fluctuations in the force fields of types not related to independent of gravity?
# Does the theory of Quantum Gravity attempt to link the electric charges of electrons and protons with that of the gravitational mass of these particles, particularly when these are compressed inside a black hole singularity? How far is the net electric charge of a given mass of particles indestructible?
# Prof Stephen Hawking has postulated that a black hole, after losing a critical amount of mass, through processes like Hawking radiation ends up with violent outburst. Is the critical limit somewhat same as the "Chandrasekhar Limit" of two solar masses? Does the final violent outburst occur on account of the operation the "Pauli's Exclusion Principle"?
# Energy expenditure through axial jets and swirling and spiraling dust and debris moving at the speed of light to fall into a black hole consumes and saps away lot of energy from a black hole, Is that factor more important in evaporation of a black hole than that by the factor of Hawking radiation?
# Normally a black hole, especially those at the galactic centers of a spiral galaxy, nest in lot of interstellar dust and debris, whose movements extort lot of energy away from a black hole: Is it possible then for the mass, energy or value of force fields neighbouring a black hole to be near zero, so that its quantum fluctuations would become important for Hawking radiation to occur?
(softcopy generation and editing: Ms. Ritika Manchanda, all errors are however my responsibility)
Tuesday, August 17, 2010
Tuesday, March 9, 2010
Languages & Nationalities in India
Safdar Hashmi Samaroha & EMS Centenary lecture
Dt. 03.03.2010, Muktadhara Auditorium Near Gol Market, New Delhi.
Com Chanchal Chauhan of Lok Lahar(Hindi) presided over
Speaker; Com. Prakash Karat, General Secretary CPI-M:-
Communists' position and record of activities:-
[Initial tributes were paid to Com.EMS- as the leader who married Marxist Theory to actual political practice - he also demonstrated as to how communists should participate in parliamentary politics]
Recognition of linguistic nationalities aspirations:
Com.EMS was the first theoretician to study the historical evolution of the Malayali nationality- showed how agrarian relations shaped development of the Malayali culture and language in the Princely stated of Malabar and Travancore- Cochin; emphasis on the malayali identity was therefore a means to rally the peasantry of what is now known as modern Kerala, into the common struggle against feudalism and the overall anti-imperialist and anti- colonial struggle.
Com.EMS as a member of the Malabar tenancy Reform Committee- in his minutes of dissent advocated abolition of landlordism in Malabar and Travancore- Cochin States- the feudal Jammi system- championed the slogan that all Malayalis should be in a Malayala speaking state.
Communists elsewhere also pressed for the necessity of recognition of different linguistic nationalities in India- a major plank of the anti- imperialist & anti- feudal struggle.
Communists understood that the masses - mostly the peasantry in colonial India - can be brought easily to the common anti - colonial cum anti - feudal struggle only with a linguistic consciousness.
A pan- Indian identity consciousness- the necessary ingredient for freedom struggle- could develop as a culmination f the provincial linguistic consciousnesses serving as a backdrop of local struggles.
Communists recognized the process of development of linguistic identities in the feudal pre-colonial India -> with development of commerce - primarily money- lending over different regions - also as a result of the Bhakti Movement. However nationalities fully develop only with the development of capitalism - development of nation - states is possible only with the advent of capitalism.
In 1920, under inspiration of Gandhiji - in the Nagpur AICC session - Congress reorganized its Provincial Committees on linguistic lines- negating the British imperialist administrative divisions of India into admixtureous provinces and princely states in total disregard of the linguistic identities.
Around 1946, Com P Sundarayya called for Vishalandhra and Com Bhabani Sen called for Natun Bangla (New Bengal) - linguistic states as a base for the anti- imperialist/ feudal struggle.
Attitude of the Big Bourgeois:
Immediately after independence:
Though Congress set up a Committee under Motilal Nehru in 1920 for reorganisation of Indian provinces on linguistic lines- it started going back on its promise after Independence - citing partition as an excuse and displaying the specter of further vivisection of the country now on linguistic lines.
The Jawahar Lal Nehru + Vallabh Bhai Patel + Pattabhi Sitaramaiah Committee set up immediately after independence(in 1947) wanted to negate the demand for creation of linguistic states - as a diversionary tactic proposed postponement of formation of linguistic states for a period of 10 years.
However big movements for reorganization of states on linguistic lines viz. Vishalandhra, Samyukta Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala swept the country by 1953 - these were mostly led by the communists - Congress was unable to prevent this tide.
Even before 1953 there existed a small Andhra Pradesh - The states Reorganisation Committee (SRC) recommended an Andhra Pradesh sans Hyderabad, Bombay Province (Maharashtra & Gujarat)
The Morarji Desai Govt. shot dead scores of people on the streets of Bombay for demanding separate Gujarat and Maharashtra.
SRC also turned down formation of a Punjabi Saba. However the cause of formation of linguistic states triumphed finally with the formation of such states even in the North Eastern Region.
Anti- communist forces presently seek to interpret CPI-M opposition to smaller states as a means to prevent creation of Gorkhaland. That is as to how the opposition of CPI-M to TELENGANA formation is being portrayed.
The big bourgeois earlier distrusted formation of linguistic states as it favoured a countrywide common homogenous market with un- impeded access to any location. RSS also opposed formation of linguistic states on the plea of stopping vivisection of the country, as it regards India as an uniform ancient nation.
Big Bourgeois position as of now i.e. since 2000:
Because of strong development of capitalism mostly in linguistic states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra and Maharashtra compared to the non- linguistic Hindi speaking states, the Big- Bourgeois is no longer that strongly averse to formation of linguistic states
On the contrary the big bourgeois now prefers formation of even smaller states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand etc. where it can buy up/ suborn Govt. and get license to loot natural resources.
Smaller states like those in the NE Region are always dependent on central Govt. largesse. Politicians in those states therefore always have to switch sides with change of guard at the Central Govt.
Big linguistic states are more coherent and independent and can therefore reflect the democratic aspirations of their population.
Linguistic fissipareousness originating from regional backwardness:
Capitalist development with its lopsidedness- especially the accelerated pace of post- independence capitalist development generates so many advanced and backward states and similar disparities within a state. Thus we have historically backward regions like Vidarbha and Telengana experiencing demand for statehood- whereas Telengana autonomy resolutions were never seriously taken up.
the Liberalisation – Globalisation - Privatisation policies have generated cut-throat competition – it fractured petit bourgeois as a class – generated a fissured identity- encourages in some strata, a manufactured identity - which fuels an illusory hope of advancement through smaller statehoods
Hindi Regions are a particular case in point – no linguistic nationality concept is developed here - people here are either straightaway : Indian or Bundelkhandi, Awadhi etc. - no concept of a Hindi identity from Rajasthan to Bihar exists. Whether breaking up into smaller states would really solve the problem of lack of development is really doubtful?
Though Sardar Patel is credited with absorption of princely states - Com EMS has shown that struggle for linguistic and cultural rights formed the basis of a framework of a modern, secular and democratic India- for this mere existence of linguistic identity was not enough.
Position on Linguistic Rights:
Solution of the languages question is part of the democratic reordering of the Indian Society- so far there are 22 scheduled languages with option open for further addition to the list
There should be equality of all Indian languages - formation of linguistic states helped in further development of the languages
There should be simultaneous translation into various Indian languages-use of only English and/ or Hindi as official languages is unscientific nd undemocratic.
Primary Education should be in mother tongue which requires more use in day to day life ->to bloom as states official language- it can reduce utility of English and people develop through own experience a composite link language
(softcopy generation and editing: Ms. Dimple Tyagi, all errors are however my responsibility)
Dt. 03.03.2010, Muktadhara Auditorium Near Gol Market, New Delhi.
Com Chanchal Chauhan of Lok Lahar(Hindi) presided over
Speaker; Com. Prakash Karat, General Secretary CPI-M:-
Communists' position and record of activities:-
[Initial tributes were paid to Com.EMS- as the leader who married Marxist Theory to actual political practice - he also demonstrated as to how communists should participate in parliamentary politics]
Recognition of linguistic nationalities aspirations:
Com.EMS was the first theoretician to study the historical evolution of the Malayali nationality- showed how agrarian relations shaped development of the Malayali culture and language in the Princely stated of Malabar and Travancore- Cochin; emphasis on the malayali identity was therefore a means to rally the peasantry of what is now known as modern Kerala, into the common struggle against feudalism and the overall anti-imperialist and anti- colonial struggle.
Com.EMS as a member of the Malabar tenancy Reform Committee- in his minutes of dissent advocated abolition of landlordism in Malabar and Travancore- Cochin States- the feudal Jammi system- championed the slogan that all Malayalis should be in a Malayala speaking state.
Communists elsewhere also pressed for the necessity of recognition of different linguistic nationalities in India- a major plank of the anti- imperialist & anti- feudal struggle.
Communists understood that the masses - mostly the peasantry in colonial India - can be brought easily to the common anti - colonial cum anti - feudal struggle only with a linguistic consciousness.
A pan- Indian identity consciousness- the necessary ingredient for freedom struggle- could develop as a culmination f the provincial linguistic consciousnesses serving as a backdrop of local struggles.
Communists recognized the process of development of linguistic identities in the feudal pre-colonial India -> with development of commerce - primarily money- lending over different regions - also as a result of the Bhakti Movement. However nationalities fully develop only with the development of capitalism - development of nation - states is possible only with the advent of capitalism.
In 1920, under inspiration of Gandhiji - in the Nagpur AICC session - Congress reorganized its Provincial Committees on linguistic lines- negating the British imperialist administrative divisions of India into admixtureous provinces and princely states in total disregard of the linguistic identities.
Around 1946, Com P Sundarayya called for Vishalandhra and Com Bhabani Sen called for Natun Bangla (New Bengal) - linguistic states as a base for the anti- imperialist/ feudal struggle.
Attitude of the Big Bourgeois:
Immediately after independence:
Though Congress set up a Committee under Motilal Nehru in 1920 for reorganisation of Indian provinces on linguistic lines- it started going back on its promise after Independence - citing partition as an excuse and displaying the specter of further vivisection of the country now on linguistic lines.
The Jawahar Lal Nehru + Vallabh Bhai Patel + Pattabhi Sitaramaiah Committee set up immediately after independence(in 1947) wanted to negate the demand for creation of linguistic states - as a diversionary tactic proposed postponement of formation of linguistic states for a period of 10 years.
However big movements for reorganization of states on linguistic lines viz. Vishalandhra, Samyukta Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala swept the country by 1953 - these were mostly led by the communists - Congress was unable to prevent this tide.
Even before 1953 there existed a small Andhra Pradesh - The states Reorganisation Committee (SRC) recommended an Andhra Pradesh sans Hyderabad, Bombay Province (Maharashtra & Gujarat)
The Morarji Desai Govt. shot dead scores of people on the streets of Bombay for demanding separate Gujarat and Maharashtra.
SRC also turned down formation of a Punjabi Saba. However the cause of formation of linguistic states triumphed finally with the formation of such states even in the North Eastern Region.
Anti- communist forces presently seek to interpret CPI-M opposition to smaller states as a means to prevent creation of Gorkhaland. That is as to how the opposition of CPI-M to TELENGANA formation is being portrayed.
The big bourgeois earlier distrusted formation of linguistic states as it favoured a countrywide common homogenous market with un- impeded access to any location. RSS also opposed formation of linguistic states on the plea of stopping vivisection of the country, as it regards India as an uniform ancient nation.
Big Bourgeois position as of now i.e. since 2000:
Because of strong development of capitalism mostly in linguistic states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra and Maharashtra compared to the non- linguistic Hindi speaking states, the Big- Bourgeois is no longer that strongly averse to formation of linguistic states
On the contrary the big bourgeois now prefers formation of even smaller states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand etc. where it can buy up/ suborn Govt. and get license to loot natural resources.
Smaller states like those in the NE Region are always dependent on central Govt. largesse. Politicians in those states therefore always have to switch sides with change of guard at the Central Govt.
Big linguistic states are more coherent and independent and can therefore reflect the democratic aspirations of their population.
Linguistic fissipareousness originating from regional backwardness:
Capitalist development with its lopsidedness- especially the accelerated pace of post- independence capitalist development generates so many advanced and backward states and similar disparities within a state. Thus we have historically backward regions like Vidarbha and Telengana experiencing demand for statehood- whereas Telengana autonomy resolutions were never seriously taken up.
the Liberalisation – Globalisation - Privatisation policies have generated cut-throat competition – it fractured petit bourgeois as a class – generated a fissured identity- encourages in some strata, a manufactured identity - which fuels an illusory hope of advancement through smaller statehoods
Hindi Regions are a particular case in point – no linguistic nationality concept is developed here - people here are either straightaway : Indian or Bundelkhandi, Awadhi etc. - no concept of a Hindi identity from Rajasthan to Bihar exists. Whether breaking up into smaller states would really solve the problem of lack of development is really doubtful?
Though Sardar Patel is credited with absorption of princely states - Com EMS has shown that struggle for linguistic and cultural rights formed the basis of a framework of a modern, secular and democratic India- for this mere existence of linguistic identity was not enough.
Position on Linguistic Rights:
Solution of the languages question is part of the democratic reordering of the Indian Society- so far there are 22 scheduled languages with option open for further addition to the list
There should be equality of all Indian languages - formation of linguistic states helped in further development of the languages
There should be simultaneous translation into various Indian languages-use of only English and/ or Hindi as official languages is unscientific nd undemocratic.
Primary Education should be in mother tongue which requires more use in day to day life ->to bloom as states official language- it can reduce utility of English and people develop through own experience a composite link language
(softcopy generation and editing: Ms. Dimple Tyagi, all errors are however my responsibility)
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